Artemisia annua |
three jasmonate-responsive transcription factors, ethylene response factor 1, ethylene response factor 2, and octadecanoidresponsive AP2/ERF, all transcriptionally activate the expression of artemisinin biosynthetic genes, such as amorpha-4,11-diene synthase (ADS), CYP71AV1, DBR2, and aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 (ALDH1). Cold stress indirectly activates the DBR2 expression by increasing the amount of jasmonate through upregulation of jasmonate biosynthetic genes (LOX1, LOX2, allene oxide cyclase [AOC], and jasmonate resistant 1 [JAR1]). Levels of artemisinin and related secondary metabolites, such as dihydroartemisinic acid, artemisinin B, and artemisinic acid, are increased in Artemisia annua under cold stress |
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