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alpha-UDP-D-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
inversion of anomeric configuration to form beta-O-galactosides
-
-
?
alpha-UDP-D-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + alpha-D-galactosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
dUDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + dUDP
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose + H+
-
-
-
?
UDP-alpha-D-galactose + O-beta-D-xylosyl-[IgG antibody]
UDP + 4-beta-D-galactosyl-O-beta-D-xylosyl-[IgG antibody]
antibody (Lo-BM2) expressed in Nicotiana tabacum strain BY-2 cells
-
-
?
UDP-D-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
lactose synthesis is achieved only in the presence of alpha-lactalbumin. In absence of alpha-lactalbumin the enzyme catalyzes the reaction of EC 2.4.1.90
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + D-galactosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP-glucose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + D-glucosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
about 20% activity compared to UDP-galactose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + alpha-methyl-D-glucose
?
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + cellobiose
?
-
7.5% of the activity of glucose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
UDPgalactose + D-xylose
?
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + gentiobiose
?
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + glucose
lactose + UDP
-
biosynthesis of lactose
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + maltose
?
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
dUDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + dUDP
-
-
-
-
?
dUDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + dUDP
-
dUDPgalactose is 80% as effective as UDP-D-galactose
-
-
?
dUDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + dUDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
in presence of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
formation of a beta(1-4)linkage
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + D-glucose
UDP + lactose
residues necessary for lactose synthesis activity are Phe31, His32, Leu110, Gln117 and Trp118 of alpha-lactalbumin
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + D-galactosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + D-galactosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDP-galactose + N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
UDP + D-galactosyl(1-4)beta-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
the galactosyl transferase can catalyze the transfer of galactose to glucose to form lactose in the absence of alpha-lactalbumin provided the glucose concentration is high
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
UDPgalactose + D-glucose
lactose + UDP
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
upon substrate binding to beta4Gal-T1, a large conformational change occurs in the region comprising residues 345 to 365. The role of alpha-lactalbumin is to hold glucose by hydrogen bonding with the O-1 hydroxyl group in the acceptor-binding site on beta4Gal-T1, while the N-acetyl group-binding pocket in beta4Gal-T1 adjusts to maximize the interactions with the glucose molecule
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
molecular interaction with different donor substrates, overview, the enzyme undergoes transition from open to close conformation upon binding of donor or acceptor substrate, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
c-LacdiNAcS is auto-lacdiNAcylated and can synthesize GalNAc(beta1-4)GlcNAc structures on cellular glycoproteins
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity, no activity with D-galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucosamine, and lactose as acceptor substrates, no activity with UDP-glucose as donor substrate, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme interacts with UDP-galactose transporter SLC35A2
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
upon substrate binding to beta4Gal-T1, a large conformational change occurs in the region comprising residues 345 to 365. The role of alpha-lactalbumin is to hold glucose by hydrogen bonding with the O-1 hydroxyl group in the acceptor-binding site on beta4Gal-T1, while the N-acetyl group-binding pocket in beta4Gal-T1 adjusts to maximize the interactions with the glucose molecule
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
acceptor substrate specificity, no activity with D-galactose, N-acetylgalactosamine, glucosamine, and lactose as acceptor substrates, overview
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I forms a complex with alpha-lactalbumin to give lactose synthase
-
-
?
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2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonate
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin
2-deoxy-D-glucose
-
0.4 M, 68% inhibition
2-Hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl bromide
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin
2-mercaptoethanol
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin
2-Nitrophenylsulfenyl chloride
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin
acetone
-
20% v/v, 69% inhibition
acetonitrile
-
20% v/v, complete inhibition
alpha-lactalbumin
-
inhibits galactosyl transfer to N-acetylglucosamine
-
carbodiimide
-
at pH 4.5 rapid loss of the biological activity of alpha-lactalbumin
D-arabinose
-
0.4 M, 13% inhibition
D-ribose
-
0.4 M, 59% inhibition
D-xylose
-
0.4 M, 36% inhibition
Dimethyl-(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)-sulfonium bromide
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin
Dimethylsulfoxide
-
20% v/v, 43% inhibition
dioxane
-
20% v/v, 88% inhibition
dithiothreitol
-
the rate of reduction of the disulfide bond in alpha-lactalbumin is much faster with dithiothreitol than mercaptoethanol, and at 24°C proceeds to completion within minutes at pH 8
ethanol
-
20% v/v, 4% inhibition
glycinamide
-
at pH 4.5 rapid loss of the biological activity of alpha-lactalbumin
L-arabinose
-
0.4 M, 54% inhibition
L-sorbose
-
0.4 M, 45% inhibition
L-Xylose
-
0.4 M, 16% inhibition
N,N-Dimethylformamide
-
20% v/v, 90% inhibition
N-methylpyrrolidone
-
20% v/v, complete inhibition
tetrahydrofuran
-
20% v/v, complete inhibition
Formylkynurenine
-
-
iodoacetate
-
modification of alpha-lactalbumin, carboxymethylation proceeds in the order His68, His32, His107. The activity decreases progressively as carboxymethylation proceeds, the fully carboxymethylated derivative has about 40% of the activity of the unmodified alpha-lactalbumin in lactose synthetase assay
N-Acetylimidazole
-
-
additional information
-
alpha-lactalbumin strongly inhibits the transfer of galactose to free N-acetylglucosamine
-
additional information
-
alpha-lactalbumin strongly inhibits the transfer of galactose to free N-acetylglucosamine
-
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?
-
x * 50000, recombinant enzyme, SDS-PAGE
dimer
-
1 * 14500, alpha-lactalbumin, + 1 * 46000, galactosyl transferase, equilibrium sedimentation
additional information
-
-
additional information
-
the three main polypeptides determined by SDS-PAGE of galactosyl transferase are active: 54000 Da, 48000 Da and 42000 Da
additional information
-
MW of lactalbumin determined by nucleotide sequence MW of lactalbumin determined by nucleotide sequence: 14179 Da
additional information
-
MW of lactalbumin determined by nucleotide sequence: guinea pig
additional information
-
MW of lactalbumin determined by nucleotide sequence MW of lactalbumin determined by nucleotide sequence: 14071 Da
additional information
-
galactosyl transferase component has a MW of 49000 Da, SDS-PAGE
additional information
-
the enzyme is composed of two structurally and functionally dissimilar proteins: 1. UDP-galactose:N-acetylglucosamine-beta4-galactosyl transferase, EC 2.4.1.90. Its normal function is to catalyze the incorporation of galactose into 1,4-linkage with N-acetylglucosamine during the synthesis of oliogosaccharide prosthetic groups of certain glycoproteins, free N-acetylglucosamine also serves as an excellent acceptor for galactose leading to the formation of N-acetylgalactosamine, 2. alpha-lactalbumin, interaction of alpha-lactalbumin with the transferase leads to lactose synthesis when UDP-galactose and glucose are present
additional information
-
the enzyme is 1.1 complex of a catalytic component beta1,4-galactosyltransferase (beta4gal-T1) and a regulatory component, alpha-lactalbumin
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DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, aberrant splicing is responsible for the two cDNA variants isolated from mammary tissue, with the longer variant maintaining the third intron and the shorter variant, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
expressed in CHO and Lec8 cells
expressed in Escherichia Lec8 Chinese hamster ovary cells
-
expression in Escherichia coli
gene B4GALT1, DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis, RT-PCR expression analysis, sequence comparison
-
gene B4GALT1, recombinant co-expression of a human IgG2 with a chimeric human GalT targeted to the cis- or trans-Golgi in Nicotiana tabacum strain BY-2 cell microsomes
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, aberrant splicing is responsible for the two cDNA variants isolated from mammary tissue, with the longer variant maintaining the third intron and the shorter variant, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, aberrant splicing is responsible for the two cDNA variants isolated from mammary tissue, with the longer variant maintaining the third intron and the shorter variant, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
DNA and amino acid sequence determination and analysis of alpha-lactalbumin component of the lactose synthase complex, phylogenetic analysis
expression in Escherichia coli
-
expression in Escherichia coli
-
expression in Escherichia coli
-
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Hill, R.L.; Brew, K.
Lactose synthetase
Adv. Enzymol. Relat. Areas Mol. Biol.
43
411-490
1975
Bos taurus, Capra hircus, Cavia porcellus, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Mammalia, Sus scrofa
brenda
Fitzgerald, D.K.; Brodbeck, U.; Kiyosawa, I.; Mawal, R.; Colvin, B.; Ebner, K.E.
alpha-Lactalbumin and the lactose synthetase reaction
J. Biol. Chem.
245
2103-2108
1970
Bos taurus
brenda
Watkins, W.M.; Hassid, W.Z.
The synthesis of lactose by particulate enzyme preparations from guinea pig and bovine mammary glands
J. Biol. Chem.
237
1432-1440
1962
Bos taurus, Cavia porcellus
brenda
Ebner, K.E.
Lactose synthetase
The Enzymes, 3rd Ed. (Boyer, P. D. , ed. )
9
363-377
1973
Bos taurus, Capra hircus, Ovis aries, Homo sapiens, Mammalia, Mus musculus, Sus scrofa
-
brenda
West, D.W.
Inhibition of lactose synthetase activity by tunicamycin
Biochem. Soc. Trans.
13
694-695
1985
Rattus norvegicus
-
brenda
Fujita-Yamaguchi, Y.; Yoshida, A.
Purification and characterization of human serum galactosyltransferase (lactose synthetase A protein)
J. Biol. Chem.
256
2701-2706
1981
Homo sapiens
brenda
Ivatt, R.J.; Rosemeyer, M.A.
Lactose synthetase. The isolation and characterisation of the protein-protein complex
Eur. J. Biochem.
64
233-242
1976
Bos taurus
brenda
Jones, E.A.
Studies on the particulate lactose synthetase of mouse mammary gland and the role of alpha-lactalbumin in the initiation of lactose synthesis
Biochem. J.
126
67-78
1972
Mus musculus
brenda
Paquet, M.R.; Moscarello, M.A.
A kinetic comparison of partially purified rat liver Golgi and rat serum galactosyltransferases
Biochem. J.
218
745-751
1984
Bos taurus, Rattus norvegicus
brenda
Ramakrishnan, B.; Qasba, P.K.
Crystal structure of lactose synthase reveals a large conformational change in its catalytic component, the beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I
J. Mol. Biol.
310
205-218
2001
Bos taurus, Mus musculus
brenda
Deng, C.; Chen, R.R.
A pH-sensitive assay for galactosyltransferase
Anal. Biochem.
330
219-226
2004
Helicobacter pylori, Neisseria meningitidis
brenda
Yang, M.; Brazier, M.; Edwards, R.; Davis, B.G.
High-throughput mass-spectrometry monitoring for multisubstrate enzymes: determining the kinetic parameters and catalytic activities of glycosyltransferases
CHEMBIOCHEM
6
346-357
2005
Bos taurus
brenda
Ramakrishnan, B.; Qasba, P.K.
Comparison of the closed conformation of the beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-1 (beta4Gal-T1) in the presence and absence of alpha-lactalbumin (LA)
J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.
21
1-8
2003
Bos taurus
brenda
Pisvejcova, A.; Rossi, C.; Husakova, L.; Kren, V.; Riva, S.; Monti, D.
beta-1,4-Galactosyltransferase-catalyzed glycosylation of sugar derivatives: Modulation of the enzyme activity by alpha-lactalbumin, immobilization and solvent tolerance
J. Mol. Catal. B
39
98-104
2006
Bos taurus
-
brenda
Reich, C.M.; Arnould, J.P.
Evolution of Pinnipedia lactation strategies: a potential role for alpha-lactalbumin?
Biol. Lett.
3
546-549
2007
Arctocephalus tropicalis (A7TWS1), Arctocephalus tropicalis (A7TWS2), Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (A7TWS3), Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus (A7TWS4), Callorhinus ursinus (A7TWS5), Zalophus californianus (A7TWS6), Neophoca cinerea (A7TWS7), Leptonychotes weddellii (A7TWS8), Odobenus rosmarus rosmarus (A7TWT0), Pusa hispida (B7SHL6)
brenda
Landers, E.; Burkin, H.; Bleck, G.; Howell-Skalla, L.; Miller, D.
Porcine beta1,4-galactosyltransferase-I sequence and expression
Reprod. Domest. Anim.
44
228-234
2009
Sus scrofa
brenda
Bleck, G.; Wheeler, M.; Hansen, L.; Chester-Jones, H.; Miller, D.
Lactose synthase components in milk: concentrations of alpha-lactalbumin and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase in milk of cows from several breeds at various stages of lactation
Reprod. Domest. Anim.
44
241-247
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Martins, L.F.; Milazzotto, M.P.; Feitosa, W.B.; Coutinho, A.R.; Simoes, R.; Marques, M.G.; Assumpcao, M.E.; Visintin, J.A.
Sequence variation of the alpha-lactalbumin gene in Holstein and Nellore cows
Anim. Biotechnol.
19
194-198
2008
Bos indicus, Bos taurus
brenda
Do, S.I.
Generation of novel chimeric LacdiNAcS by gene fusion of alpha-lactalbumin and beta1,4-galactosyltransferase 1
Glycoconj. J.
26
567-575
2009
Bos taurus
brenda
Wiertelak, W.; Sosicka, P.; Olczak, M.; Maszczak-Seneczko, D.
Analysis of homologous and heterologous interactions between UDP-galactose transporter and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 using NanoBiT
Anal. Biochem.
593
113599
2020
Homo sapiens (P15291)
brenda
Chen, F.; Chen, B.; Guan, W.; Chen, J.; Lv, Y.; Qiao, H.; Wang, C.; Zhang, Y.
Metabolic transition of milk lactose synthesis and up-regulation by AKT1 in sows from late pregnancy to lactation
Cell Biochem. Biophys.
75
131-138
2017
Sus scrofa
brenda
Zhang, Y.; Zhang, S.; Guan, W.; Chen, F.; Cheng, L.; Lv, Y.; Chen, J.
GLUT1 and lactose synthetase are critical genes for lactose synthesis in lactating sows
Nutr. Metab.
15
40
2018
Sus scrofa
brenda
Navarre, C.; Smargiasso, N.; Duvivier, L.; Nader, J.; Far, J.; De Pauw, E.; Boutry, M.
N-Glycosylation of an IgG antibody secreted by Nicotiana tabacum BY-2 cells can be modulated through co-expression of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase
Transgenic Res.
26
375-384
2017
Homo sapiens (P15291)
brenda