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1,3-dihydroxyacetone + NAD+ + H2O
? + NADH + H+
53.93% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
1-formyl-6-methylpyrene + NADP+ + H2O
6-methylpyrene-1-carboxylic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
1-formyl-8-methylpyrene + NADP+ + H2O
8-methylpyrene-1-carboxylic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
1-formylpyrene + NADP+ + H2O
pyrene-1-carboxylic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
2 glutathione + NAD+
GSSG + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
2,5-dihydroxybenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
2,5-dihydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-bromobenzoate + NADH + H+
2-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-chlorobenzoate + NADH + H+
2-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-fluorobenzoate + NADH + H+
2-formylpyrene + NADP+ + H2O
pyrene-2-carboxylic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
2-methylbutyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-methylbutyrate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-naphthaldehyde + NADH + H+
2-naphthyl alcohol + NAD+
-
-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxymandelaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3,4-dihydroxyphenylmandelate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + NAD+
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3,4-dihydroxyphenylglycolate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
3-chloroallylaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
? + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
3-chloroallylaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
? + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
3-hydroxybenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxypropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-hydroxypropanoate + NADH + 2 H+
3-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-nitrobenzoate + NADH + H+
32.98% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
4-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-bromobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
4-carboxybenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
4-carboxybenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
4-chlorobenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
4-chlorobenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
4-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-fluorobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
4-formylpyrene + NADP+ + H2O
pyrene-4-carboxylic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal + NAD(P)+ + H2O
? + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
?
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal + NADP+ + H2O
4-hydroxy-2-nonenoic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
4-iodobenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
4-iodobenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
4-nitrobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-nitrobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
4-pyridinecarboxylate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
5-hydroxyindole-3-acetyldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
5-hydroxyindole-3-acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde + NADH + H+
(6-methoxynaphthalen-2-yl)methanol + NAD+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + 3-pyridine aldehyde adenine dinucleotide phosphate
acetate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
acetate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + deamino-NAD+ + H2O
acetate + deamino-NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
acetaldehyde + NAD+
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
acetaldehyde + NADP+
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
acetaldehyde + thio-NAD+ + H2O
acetate + thio-NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + thio-NADP+
acetate + ?
-
-
-
-
?
aldophosphamide + NAD+
N,N-bis-(2-chloroethyl)-diaminophosphoric-(2-carboxyethylester) + ?
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NAD+
all-trans-retinol + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
all-trans-retinal + NADP+
all-trans-retinol + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADP+ + H2O
all-trans-retinol + NADPH + H+
all-trans-retinol + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinol + NADP+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
an acid + NAD(P)H + H+
an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADH + H+
an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADPH + H+
benzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
benzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
benzaldehyde + NADH + H+
benzyl alcohol + NAD+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+
benzoate + NADPH
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
butanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
butyraldehyde + NAD+
butyrate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
butyrate + NADH + H+
butyraldehyde + NADP+
butyrate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
chloroacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
chloroacetate + NADH + H+
cinnamaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
cinnamate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
cinnamaldehyde + NADH + H+
cinnamyl alcohol + NAD+
-
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
D-glycerate + NADH + H+
50.25% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde. kcat/KM for NAD+ with D-glyceraldehyde as cosubstrate is 3.8fold higher compared to NADP+
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
D-glycerate + NADPH
50.25% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate + NAD+ + H2O
D-glycerate 3-phosphate + NADH + H+
52.7% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
dihydrolipoic acid + NAD+
alpha-lipoic acid + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
DL-glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycerate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
14% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
dodecanal + NADP+ + H2O
dodecanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
formate + NAD(P)H + H+
formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
formate + NADH + H+
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
furfuryl aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-furancarboxylate + NADH + H+
glutaraldehyde + NAD+
glutarate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
glyceraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
glycerate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
glyceraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycerate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NAD+
glycolate + NADH
glycolaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
glycolate + NADH + H+
75.43% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
glycolate + NADPH + H+
heptanal + NADP+ + H2O
heptanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
heptylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
heptanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
hexylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
hexanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
indole-3-acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
indole-3-acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
isobutanal + NAD+ + H2O
isobutyrate + NADH + H+
isobutyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isobutanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
isopentanal + NAD+ + H2O
isopentanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
isovaleraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isovalerate + NAD(P)H
isovaleraldehyde + NAD+
isovalerate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
isovaleraldehyde + NADP+
isovalerate + NADPH + H+
isovaleraldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
isovalerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
m-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
m-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
m-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
mafosfamide + NADP+ + H2O
?
-
-
-
?
malondialdehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
? + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
?
malondialdehyde + NAD+
? + NADH
malonic semialdehyde + NAD+
?
-
-
-
-
?
n-butanal + NAD+ + H2O
butanoate + NADH + H+
n-butanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-butanoate + NADPH + H+
n-decanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-decanoate + NADPH + H+
n-dodecanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-dodecanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-hexanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-hexanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-nonanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-nonanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-octanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-octanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADH + H+
n-pentanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-propanal + NADP+
propionate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-propanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-propanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-tetradecanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-tetradecanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-tridecanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-tridecanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-undecanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-undecanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
nonanal + NADP+ + H2O
nonanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
o-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
o-methoxybenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-methoxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
octanal + NAD+ + H2O
octanoate + NADH + H+
octylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
octanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
p-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
p-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
p-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
p-hydroxybenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
p-hydroxybenzoic acid + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
p-isopropylbenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-isopropylbenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
p-nitrobenzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
p-nitrobenzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
phenylacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
phenylacetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
phenylacetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
phenylacetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
polyethylene glycol 1000-aldehyde + NADP+
? + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
polyethylene glycol 200-aldehyde + NADP+
? + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
polyethylene glycol 400-aldehyde + NADP+
? + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
polyethylene glycol 4000-aldehyde + NADP+
? + NADPH
-
highest activtiy compared to other polyethylene glycolaldehydes
-
-
?
polyethylene glycol 6000-aldehyde + NADP+
? + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + 1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propanal + 3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propanal + 3-pyridine adenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propanal + 3-thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
propanal + beta-NADP+ + H2O
propionate + beta-NADPH + H+
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propanal + N-guanine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
propanal + oxidized nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide + H2O
propionate + reduced nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1 and E2
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + 3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide + H2O
propionate + reduced 3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide + H+
-
-
-
-
r
propionaldehyde + N-1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide + H2O
propionate + reduced N-1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
propionate + NAD(P)H
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
propionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
propionate + NADPH + H+
retinal + NAD+ + H2O
retinoic acid + NADH + H+
preferred substrate of isozyme ALDH1A3
-
-
?
succinic semialdehyde + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
trans-2-hexenal + NAD+
trans-2-hexenoate + NADH
valeraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
valerate + NAD(P)H + H+
valeraldehyde + NAD+
valerate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
valeraldehyde + NADP+
valerate + NADPH + H+
valeraldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
valerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
2-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-bromobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-bromobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-chlorobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-chlorobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-fluorobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
2-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-fluorobenzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxypropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-hydroxypropanoate + NADH + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
?
3-hydroxypropionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
3-hydroxypropanoate + NADH + 2 H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
51% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
acetaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
acetate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
ir
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
activity with the enzyme from stomach mucosa, no activity with the enzyme from breast adenocarcinoma cell line
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
ir
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
kcat/KM for NAD+ with acetaldehyde as cosubstrate is 2.5fold higher compared to NADP+
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
acetate + NADH + H+
kcat/KM for NAD+ with acetaldehyde as cosubstrate is 2.5fold higher compared to NADP+
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
acetaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
acetate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NAD+ + H2O
all-trans-retinoic acid + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADP+ + H2O
all-trans-retinol + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
all-trans-retinal + NADP+ + H2O
all-trans-retinol + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
an acid + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
an acid + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
r
an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
an aldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
a carboxylate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
pro-R specific
-
-
ir
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
pro-R specific
-
-
ir
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
-
ALDH2 is very active, low activity with ALDH1 and ALDH5
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
35.5% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
benzoate + NADH + H+
35.5% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+
benzoate + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+
benzoate + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+
benzoate + NADPH
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH
-
25% of activity with NAD+
-
-
ir
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH
25% of activity with NAD+
-
-
ir
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
benzaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
benzoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
butanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
butyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
butanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
23% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
butyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
butyrate + NADH + H+
48.15% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
butyraldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
butyrate + NADH + H+
48.15% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
chloroacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
chloroacetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
chloroacetaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
chloroacetate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
formate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
formaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
formate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
52% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
formate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
formate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
formate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
formaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
formate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
furfuryl aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-furancarboxylate + NADH + H+
-
4% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
furfuryl aldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
2-furancarboxylate + NADH + H+
-
4% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NAD+
glycolate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NAD+
glycolate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
glycolate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
glycolaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
glycolate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
heptylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
heptanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
heptylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
heptanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
12% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
hexanal + NAD+ + H2O
hexanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
hexylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
hexanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
hexylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
hexanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
22% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
isobutanal + NAD+ + H2O
isobutyrate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
isobutanal + NAD+ + H2O
isobutyrate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
isobutyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isobutanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
?, ir
isobutyraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isobutanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
188% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
isovaleraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isovalerate + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
ir
isovaleraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
isovalerate + NAD(P)H
-
83% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
isovaleraldehyde + NADP+
isovalerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
isovaleraldehyde + NADP+
isovalerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
m-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
m-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
28% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
m-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
m-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
35% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
m-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
m-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
m-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
41% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
malondialdehyde + NAD+
? + NADH
-
no activity
-
-
?
malondialdehyde + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
malondialdehyde + NAD+
? + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
n-butanal + NAD+ + H2O
butanoate + NADH + H+
-
62% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
n-butanal + NAD+ + H2O
butanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-butanal + NAD+ + H2O
butanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-butanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-butanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-butanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-butanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-decanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-decanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-decanal + NADP+ + H2O
n-decanoate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADH + H+
-
55% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
n-pentanal + NAD+ + H2O
n-pentanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
o-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
o-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
100% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
o-methoxybenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-methoxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
o-methoxybenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
o-methoxybenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
18% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
octanal + NAD+ + H2O
octanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
octanal + NAD+ + H2O
octanoate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
octylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
octanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
octylaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
octanoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
10% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
p-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
p-bromobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-bromobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
14% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
p-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
p-chlorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-chlorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
35% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
p-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
p-fluorobenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-fluorobenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
75% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
p-isopropylbenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-isopropylbenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
p-isopropylbenzaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
p-isopropylbenzoate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
15% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
propanal + 3-thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
isoenzyme E1
-
-
?
propanal + 3-thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
propionate + ?
-
no reaction with isoenzyme E2
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
88% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
88% of the activity with acetaldehyde
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propanal + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
ir
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
propionate + NAD(P)H
-
-
-
ir
propionaldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
propionate + NAD(P)H
-
75% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
best substrate combination
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
best substrate combination
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
-
-
-
r
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
56.22% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NAD+ + H2O
propionate + NADH + H+
56.22% of the activity compared to acetaldehyde
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
propionate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
propionate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
propionate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
propionaldehyde + NADP+ + H2O
propionate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
?
trans-2-hexenal + NAD+
trans-2-hexenoate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
trans-2-hexenal + NAD+
trans-2-hexenoate + NADH
-
-
-
-
?
valeraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
valerate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
-
-
ir
valeraldehyde + NAD(P)+ + H2O
valerate + NAD(P)H + H+
-
16.3% of activity with benzaldehyde
-
-
ir
valeraldehyde + NADP+
valerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
valeraldehyde + NADP+
valerate + NADPH + H+
-
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
in the first acylation step, the activated catalytic Cys, Cys300 in BcALDH, attacks the substrate aldehyde group to form a thio-hemiacetal intermediate. The oxidized NAD(P)+ cofactor takes up a hydride ion from the thio-hemiacetal intermediate, which transforms it to a thioester intermediate. This intermediate is then deacylated by a water molecule, in which the additional catalytic residue Glu, Glu266 in BcALDH, activates the hydrolytic water molecule by abstracting a proton. Finally, the reduced NAD(P)H is released. Plausible mechanism for the minor reducing activity of BcALDH with all-trans-retinal, overview. The beta-ionone ring of the superimposed retinoic acid (REA) is bound at the mouth of the channel and exposed to the solvent. The substrate binding pocket-bound REA shows a bent conformation in the carbon positions from 9 to 11. Molecular docking of retinoic acid into the enzyme structure. BcALDH has a strict substrate preference for oxidation of all-trans-retinal, with no activity detected against 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal. BcALDH also has 14 and 30fold lower Km values for all-trans-retinal compared to the small aldehydes acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, respectively
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
in the first acylation step, the activated catalytic Cys, Cys300 in BcALDH, attacks the substrate aldehyde group to form a thio-hemiacetal intermediate. The oxidized NAD(P)+ cofactor takes up a hydride ion from the thio-hemiacetal intermediate, which transforms it to a thioester intermediate. This intermediate is then deacylated by a water molecule, in which the additional catalytic residue Glu, Glu266 in BcALDH, activates the hydrolytic water molecule by abstracting a proton. Finally, the reduced NAD(P)H is released. Plausible mechanism for the minor reducing activity of BcALDH with all-trans-retinal, overview. The beta-ionone ring of the superimposed retinoic acid (REA) is bound at the mouth of the channel and exposed to the solvent. The substrate binding pocket-bound REA shows a bent conformation in the carbon positions from 9 to 11. Molecular docking of retinoic acid into the enzyme structure. BcALDH has a strict substrate preference for oxidation of all-trans-retinal, with no activity detected against 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal. BcALDH also has 14 and 30fold lower Km values for all-trans-retinal compared to the small aldehydes acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde, respectively
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
no activity with 9-cis-retinal and 13-cis-retinal
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with formaldehyde and benzaldehyde
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
no activity with formaldehyde and benzaldehyde
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the membrane bound enzyme may act as barrier when the aldehyde concentration in cytosol is high
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is induced during growth on tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme is induced during growth on tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
isoenzyme f1 may be the primary enzyme for oxidizing the acetaldehyde produced during ethanol oxidation in vivo
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme plays a dual role in the absorption of UVR and in the oxidation of peroxidic aldehydes in the mammalian cornea
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
enzyme follows a sequential mode of reaction mechanism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH1A1 can also use glutathione (GSH) and dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) as electron donors to reduce NAD+ to NADH, product identification by thin layer chromatography (TLC)
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
-
iol operon is involved in myo-inositol catabolism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
enzyme prefers aldehyde products of lipid peroxidation as substrates
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
dual role for the corneal enzyme in providing the eye with protection against UV-B light: by oxidizing aldehydes generated through light-induced lipid peroxidation and by direct absorption of UV-B light by the enzyme
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDH superfamily represents a group of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of endogenous and exogenous aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
ALDHC is preferentially active towards linear medium-chain to long-chain aldehydes as compared to branched-chain, short-chain or aromatic aldehydes. Reorientation of an extended loop (Asn478-Pro490) is responsible for the constricted structure of the substrate tunnel, with the side chain of Asn478 imposing steric restrictions on branched-chain and aromatic aldehydes. A key glycine (Gly104) positioned at the mouth of the tunnel allows for maximum tunnel depth required to bind the linear medium to long aliphatic chain of the native substrate
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme plays a role in oxidation of a variety of aldehydes generated by lipid metabolism
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with methanol or ethanol
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
no activity with methanol or ethanol
-
-
?
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1,2-Cyclohexanedione
-
33% residual activity at 2.5 mM
2,3,5-trimethyl-6-propyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one
13.7% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
2,3-dimethyl-5-propyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one
19.6% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
2,4-Dinitro-1-fluorobenzene
-
11% residual activity at 2.5 mM
2-mercaptoethanol
10% (v/v), 55% inhibition
2-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetamide
32.9% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
2-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]propanoic acid
6.1% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
2H-furo[2,3-h][1]benzopyran-2-one
71.7% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
3,4,10-trimethyl-2H,6H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2,6-dione
20.8% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
3-benzyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl methanesulfonate
13.1% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
3-tert-butyl-5,6-dimethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one
13.0% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
3-thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-
strong inhibition versus beta-NAD+, isoenzyme E2; substrate inhibition, isoenzyme E1
4-methyl-7-(2-oxo-2-phenylethoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
32.9% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
4-methyl-7-(2-oxopropoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
35.9% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
4-methyl-7-[(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
76.4% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
4-methyl-7-[(prop-2-en-1-yl)oxy]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
90.5% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
5-benzyl-2,3-dimethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one
18.4% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
6-benzyl-3,5-dimethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one
11.1% inhibition at 0.01 mM; 9.7% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
6-bromo-3-[(1E)-N-hydroxyethanimidoyl]-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
8.3% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
6-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H,8H-benzo[1,2-b:5,4-b']dipyran-2,8-dione
46.4% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
7-methoxy-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one
63.6% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
8,9-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrocyclopenta[c]furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-4(1H)-one
12.9% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
9,10-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-5H-6,8-dioxacyclopenta[b]phenanthren-5-one
5.9% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
9,10-dimethyl-5H-6,8-dioxacyclopenta[b]phenanthren-5-one
6.6% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
acetaldehyde
-
strong substrate inhibition
acetone
10% (v/v), 21% inhibition
benomyl
potent irreversible inhibitor of ALDH. Benomyl increases superoxide production as much as nitroglycerin
benzoate
-
non-competitive with respect to either NAD+ or benzaldehyde
beta-NADP+
-
substrate inhibition, isoenzyme E1
Cd2+
-
100% inhibition at 1 mM; 1 mM, 100% inhibition
Co2+
-
89% residual activity at 1 mM
diethyl dicarbonate
-
2% residual activity at 2.5 mM
dimethyl ampal thiolester
complete inhibition of isozyme ALDH3 at 0.0075 mM
DMSO
10% (v/v), 32% inhibition
EDTA
50 mM, 22% inhibition
ethanediol
10% (v/v), 60% inhibition
ethyl acetimidate
-
71% residual activity at 250 mM
Fe2+
-
88% residual activity at 1 mM
guanidine hydrochloride
10% (v/v), 42% inhibition
H2O2
the loss of activity induced by H2O2 can be restored by reducing agents, although a decrease of the restored activity is observed upon addition of 10 mM dithiothreitol
kolaflavanone
-
the enzyme shows crucial non-canonical and non-catalytic interaction with kolaflavanone, a component of kolaviron, and a major bioflavonoid isolated from Garcinia kola (Bitter kola). The enzyme has one binding site for kolaflavanone with a binding constant (Ka) of 25700 l/mol and effective Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) of 4.87 nm. The bonding process is enthalpically driven and the reaction not spontaneous. The flavonoid bonding slightly perturbed the secondary and tertiary structures of ALDH that is tryptophangated. The interaction is regulated by both diffusion and ionic strength. Kolaflavanone has a marked effect on the ellipticity of ALDH structure. Molecular docking shows that the binding of kolaflavanone is at the active site of ALDH and the participation of some amino acid residues in the complex formation. Protein-ligand interaction analysis, kinetics, detailed overview. The profiles of atomic fluctuations indicates the rigidity of the ligand-binding site during the simulation. With these, ALDH is hereby proposed as a subtle nanoparticle determinant of kolaviron bioavailability and efficacy. Temperature dependency of ligand-protein binding, Stern-Volmer dynamic quenching constants, and thermodynamic parameters. Binding is reduced by Na+
-
methyl ampal thiolester
78% inhibition of isozyme ALDH3 at 0.0075 mM
Mg2+
-
89% residual activity at 1 mM
Mn2+
-
89% residual activity at 1 mM
N-(2-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide
5.74% inhibition at 0.01 mM, pH 7.5, 25°C
-
N-(2-chlorobenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide
6.05% inhibition at 0.01 mM, pH 7.5, 25°C
-
N-(2-methylbenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide
5.26% inhibition at 0.01 mM, pH 7.5, 25°C
-
N-(3-methylbenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide
9.09% inhibition at 0.01 mM, pH 7.5, 25°C
-
N-Acetylimidazole
-
75% residual activity at 2.5 mM
N-benzyl-3-(2,3,5-trimethyl-7-oxo-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-6-yl)propanamide
31.7% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
N-bromosuccinimide
-
66% residual activity at 0.5 mM
p-chloromercuribenzoate
-
50 microM, 80% inhibition
p-mercuribenzoate
-
80% inhibition at 0.05 mM
Pb2+
-
100% inhibition at 1 mM; 1 mM, 100% inhibition
PEG-400
10% (v/v), 16% inhibition
pentanal
-
extremely strong substrate inhibition
phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
-
73% residual activity at 2.5 mM
PMSF
50 mM, no loss of activity
pyrazole
-
100% inhibition at 1 mM; 1 mM, 100% inhibition
trans-4-(N,N-dimethylamino)-cinnamaldehyde
-
1 mM, 58% inhibition; 58% inhibition at 1 mM
Urea
500 mM, 44% inhibition
Woodward's reagent K
-
71% residual activity at 50 mM
ZnCl2
-
50% inhibition at 0.035 mM, enzyme form ALDH1
[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]acetonitrile
79.6% inhibition at 0.01 mM
-
Chloral hydrate
-
-
Chloral hydrate
-
50% inhibition of isoenzyme F1 by 0.25 mM, 50% inhibition of isoenzyme F2 by 0.4 mM
Cu2+
-
20% residual activity at 1 mM
Cu2+
-
100% inhibition at 1 mM; 1 mM, 100% inhibition
Disulfiram
-
-
Disulfiram
0.01 mM; 0.01 mM; 0.01 mM
Disulfiram
-
0.025 mM, 99% inhibition of activity with NADP+, 80% inhibition of activity with activity with NAD+
Disulfiram
-
0.025 mM or 0.05 mM, 99% inhibition of activity with NADP+, 60% inhibition of activity with NAD+
Hg2+
-
complete inhibition at 0.25 mM
Hg2+
-
100% inhibition at 1 mM; 1 mM, 100% inhibition
NADH
-
-
NADH
-
competitive with respect to NAD+ and non-competitive with respect to either benzaldehyde or glycolaldehyde
nitroglycerin
induces nitrate tolerance. Expression and activity of ALDH-2 is decreased in nitrate-tolerant rats
nitroglycerin
more than half of the original activity is retained in the presence of 5.5 mM nitroglycerin and approximate 80% of the activity is lost by the addition of 11 mM nitroglycerin. Dithiothreitol and alpha-lipoic acid can also restore the nitroglycerin inactivated dehydrogenation to more than half of the original activity
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
0.05 mM
p-hydroxymercuribenzoate
-
-
additional information
-
not inhibited by EDTA
-
additional information
design, synthesis of 1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1, EC 1.2.1.36) inhibitors and comparison of inhibitory activities on different ALDH isozymes, overview. Poor inhibition by N-(2-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, N-(3-fluorobenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, N-(3-chlorobenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, N-(3-(trifluoromethyl)benzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, N-(2-methoxybenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, N-(3-methoxybenzyl)-N-(1,3-dimethyl-2,4-dioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidin-5-yl)-3-(4-(4-isopropylbenzoyl)piperazin-1-yl)propanamide, and CM026
-
additional information
inhibition of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1/2 family by psoralen and coumarin derivatives, structure-function relationships, overview. 3,5-dimethyl-6-propyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, methyl 2-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]propanoate, 2,3,5,6,9-pentamethyl-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 3,4-dimethyl-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-2H-[1]benzofuro[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-2-one, 2,3,5-trimethyl-6-[3-oxo-3-(piperidin-1-yl)propyl]-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 5-methyl-2-[(3-oxobutan-2-yl)oxy]-7H-furo[3,2-g][1]benzopyran-7-one, 7-(2-oxopropoxy)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 3,4,8,9-tetramethyl-7H-furo[2,3-f][1]benzopyran-7-one, 2-[(4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-7-yl)oxy]-N-phenylacetamide, 7-(diethylamino)-4-methyl-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, 3-[(3-oxobutan-2-yl)oxy]-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, 3-(7-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-3-yl)propanoic acid, and N-(4,7-dimethyl-2-oxo-2H-1-benzopyran-6-yl)-2-methylpropanamide are inactive as inhibitors
-
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0.096
1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E2
0.0016
1-formyl-6-methylpyrene
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.004
1-formyl-8-methylpyrene
ALDH3A1,at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.004
1-formylpyrene
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.012 - 0.379
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
0.006 - 0.063
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
0.008 - 0.822
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
0.011
2-formylpyrene
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.0007
2-naphthaldehyde
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.39
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+
0.61
3,4-dihydroxyphenyl benzaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+
0.0004 - 0.015
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
0.0132 - 0.62
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
0.0338 - 0.504
3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide
0.0151
3-thionicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
0.039 - 0.617
4-bromobenzaldehyde
0.031 - 1.159
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
0.012 - 2.057
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde
0.00078
4-formylpyrene
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.03
4-hydroxy-2-nonenal
-
-
0.081 - 1.103
4-iodobenzaldehyde
0.091 - 0.19
4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
0.15
5-hydroxyindole-3-acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+
0.0033
6-methoxy-2-naphthaldehyde
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.0002 - 393.4
acetaldehyde
0.64
aldophosphamide
-
reaction with NAD+
0.007
all-trans-retinal
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.013 - 4.15
benzaldehyde
7.68
beta-NADP+
-
isoenzyme E1
0.094
betaNAD+
-
isoenzyme E2
2.95 - 4.93
Butyraldehyde
0.01 - 0.46
Chloroacetaldehyde
0.0053
cinnamaldehyde
pH 7.5, 25°C
8.51
D-glyceraldehyde
pH 8, 80°C
6.12
D-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
pH 8, 80°C
0.05 - 0.13
glycolaldehyde
0.5
Indole-3-acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+
0.016
Isobutyraldehyde
30°C, pH 10.0
0.0005
isopentanal
-
isoenzyme F1
1.66 - 10.78
Isovaleraldehyde
0.0113
N-1,N6-ethenoadenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
0.137
n-dodecanal
-
50 mM potassium phosphate buffer pH8.0, 1 mM CaCl2, 36°C
1.33
N-guanine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
0.121 - 1.36
oxidized nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide
0.0001
pentanal
-
isoenzyme F1
0.0003 - 0.004
phenylacetaldehyde
0.46 - 12
propionaldehyde
0.1 - 0.12
trans-2-hexenal
0.12 - 0.34
Valeraldehyde
additional information
additional information
-
-
-
0.012
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.016
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
-
-
0.067
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
0.379
2-Bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
0.006
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.017
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
-
0.063
2-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
0.008
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.0165
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
-
0.703
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
0.822
2-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
0.0004
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
isozyme ALDH1A1
0.001
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
isozyme ALDH2 from liver
0.0026
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
isozyme ALDH9A1
0.0042
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
isozyme ALDH1A1 from brain
0.015
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde
isozyme ALDH3A1
0.0132
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
0.62
3-acetylpyridine adenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E2
0.0338
3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E2
0.504
3-pyridinealdehyde adenine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
0.039
4-bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.616
4-bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
0.617
4-bromobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
0.031
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.826
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
1.159
4-Chlorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
0.012
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.859
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
2.057
4-Fluorobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
0.081
4-iodobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.241
4-iodobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
1.103
4-iodobenzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
0.091
4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+ or NADP+, enzyme from breast adenocarcinoma cell line
0.19
4-Pyridinecarboxaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+ or NADP+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.0002
acetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F2
0.01
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH2
0.024
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH1
0.058
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH5
0.07
acetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F1
0.095
acetaldehyde
at pH 7.0 and 37°C
6.38
acetaldehyde
pH 8, 80°C
6.58
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+
18.89
acetaldehyde
-
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
80
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
80
acetaldehyde
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
81
acetaldehyde
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
393.4
acetaldehyde
-
with NADP+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
0.013
benzaldehyde
-
-
0.02
benzaldehyde
-
enzyme I
0.083
benzaldehyde
30°C, pH 10.0
0.148
benzaldehyde
pH 7.5, 25°C
0.2
benzaldehyde
-
enzyme from cornea, reaction with NADP+
0.2
benzaldehyde
at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.23
benzaldehyde
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.3
benzaldehyde
-
enzyme from HTC hepatoma cells, reaction with NADP+
0.486
benzaldehyde
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.505
benzaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.64
benzaldehyde
-
reaction with NAD+ or NADP+, enzyme from breast adenocarcinoma cell line
0.733
benzaldehyde
-
enzyme III
1.805
benzaldehyde
-
enzyme II
2.95
Butyraldehyde
-
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
4.93
Butyraldehyde
-
with NADP+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
0.01
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F2
0.013
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
mutant enzyme T244S, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.03
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F1
0.039
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
wild type enzyme, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.052
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
mutant enzyme T244G, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.3
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
mutant enzyme T244A, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.46
Chloroacetaldehyde
-
mutant enzyme T244V, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.27
formaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F2
0.94
formaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F1
0.05
glycolaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F2
0.13
glycolaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F1
0.06
hexanal
-
-
1.66
Isovaleraldehyde
-
9.87
Isovaleraldehyde
-
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
10.78
Isovaleraldehyde
-
with NADP+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
0.003
NAD+
-
-
0.003
NAD+
-
isoenzyme F1
0.003
NAD+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde
0.0037
NAD+
mutant enzyme C300S, with all-trans-retinal as cosubstrate, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.004
NAD+
wild type enzyme, with all-trans-retinal as cosubstrate, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.00625
NAD+
mutant enzyme E457V, with all-trans-retinal as cosubstrate, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.01
NAD+
mutant enzyme E194S, with all-trans-retinal as cosubstrate, at pH 7.0 and 37°C
0.02
NAD+
-
reaction with propanal
0.03
NAD+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde
0.032
NAD+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde
0.048
NAD+
-
wild type enzyme, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.054
NAD+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.094
NAD+
-
mutant enzyme T244S, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.19
NAD+
-
mutant enzyme T244G, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.39
NAD+
-
mutant enzyme T244V, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
0.43
NAD+
-
reaction with propanal
0.55
NAD+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde, enzyme from adenocarcinoma cell line
0.84
NAD+
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
1.1
NAD+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH2
2.1
NAD+
-
mutant enzyme T244A, in 25 mM Na-HEPES buffer (pH 7.4), temperature not specified in the publication
3
NAD+
-
enzyme from cornea, reaction with propanal
6.43
NAD+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH5
17.4
NAD+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH1
35
NAD+
-
enzyme from HTC hepatoma cells, reaction with propanal
0.01
NADP+
-
isoenzyme F2
0.01
NADP+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde
0.04
NADP+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde, enzyme form ALDH1
0.099
NADP+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH1
0.35
NADP+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde
0.447
NADP+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH2
0.49
NADP+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde
0.64
NADP+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde, enzyme form ALDH5
0.7
NADP+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde
0.94
NADP+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde, enzyme from stomach mucosa
1
NADP+
-
reaction with benzaldehyde, enzyme from adenocarcinoma cell line
1.4
NADP+
-
reaction with acetaldehyde, enzyme form ALDH2
3.47
NADP+
-
reaction with propanal, enzyme form ALDH5
3.81
NADP+
pH and temperature not specified in the publication
6.25
NADP+
-
reaction with propanal
240
NADP+
-
enzyme from HTC hepatoma cells, reaction with benzaldehyde
260
NADP+
-
enzyme from cornea, reaction with benzaldehyde
0.067
octanal
-
reaction with NAD+ or NADP+, enzyme from breast adenocarcinoma cell line
0.104
octanal
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.113
octanal
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.121
oxidized nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E1
1.36
oxidized nicotinamide hypoxanthine dinucleotide
-
isoenzyme E2
0.0003
phenylacetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F2
0.004
phenylacetaldehyde
-
isoenzyme F1
0.00039
propanal
-
-
0.005
propanal
-
isoenzyme F1
0.013
propanal
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme form ALDH2
0.017
propanal
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH2
0.03
propanal
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH1
0.39
propanal
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme form ALDH5
0.7
propanal
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme form ALDH1
0.83
propanal
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme form ALDH5
2
propanal
-
reaction with NAD+
2.7
propanal
-
enzyme from HTC hepatoma cells, reaction with NAD+
5.7
propanal
-
enzyme from cornea, reaction with NAD+
19
propanal
-
reaction with NADP+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
19.06
propanal
-
reaction with NAD+, enzyme from stomach mucosa
0.46
propionaldehyde
-
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
0.65
propionaldehyde
-
with NADP+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
12
propionaldehyde
ALDH3A1, at pH 7.5 and 37°C
0.1
trans-2-hexenal
-
-
0.12
Valeraldehyde
-
with NAD+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
0.34
Valeraldehyde
-
with NADP+ as cosubstrate, in 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 1 mM dithiothreitol, at 37°C
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Izaguirre, G.; Pietruszko, R.; Cho, S.; MacKerell, A.D., Jr.
Human aldehyde dehydrogenase catalytic activity and structural interactions with coenzyme analogs
J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn.
19
429-447
2001
Homo sapiens
brenda
Downes, J.E.; Holmes, R.S.
Purification and properties of murine corneal aldehyde dehydrogenase
Biochem. Mol. Biol. Int.
30
525-535
1993
Mus musculus
brenda
Choi, S.D.; Joo, C.N.
Purification and characterization of the bovine cerebral mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase
Korean Biochem. J.
24
224-230
1991
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Rattus norvegicus, Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida, Sphingopyxis macrogoltabida 103
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Homo sapiens (P30838)
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Aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors: alpha,beta-acetylenic N-substituted aminothiolesters are reversible growth inhibitors of normal epithelial but irreversible apoptogens for cancer epithelial cells from human prostate in culture
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Homo sapiens (P30838), Homo sapiens
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Homo sapiens (P47895)
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Homo sapiens
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Rattus norvegicus
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Sulfurisphaera tokodaii (Q976X5), Sulfurisphaera tokodaii DSM 16993 (Q976X5)
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Tomita, H.; Tanaka, K.; Tanaka, T.; Hara, A.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 in stem cells and cancer
Oncotarget
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11018-11032
2016
Homo sapiens
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Jimenez-Lopez, J.
Narrow-leafed lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) functional identification and characterization of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) gene superfamily
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Lupinus angustifolius
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Aquino Neto, S.; Forti, J.; Zucolotto, V.; Ciancaglini, P.; de Andrade, A.
Development of nanostructured bioanodes containing dendrimers and dehydrogenases enzymes for application in ethanol biofuel cells
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Zhang, Y.; Wang, M.; Lin, H.
A regulatory cysteine residue mediates reversible inactivation of NAD+-dependent aldehyde dehydrogenases to promote oxidative stress response
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae (P46367), Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 204508 (P46367)
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Ma, Z.; Jiang, L.; Li, G.; Liang, D.; Li, L.; Liu, L.; Jiang, C.
Design, synthesis of 1,3-dimethylpyrimidine-2,4-diones as potent and selective aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 (ALDH1A1) inhibitors with glucose consumption improving activity
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Homo sapiens (P30838)
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Kolawole, A.N.; Akinladejo, V.T.; Elekofehinti, O.O.; Akinmoladun, A.C.; Kolawole, A.O.
Experimental and computational modeling of interaction of kolaviron-kolaflavanone with aldehyde dehydrogenase
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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Jung, K.; Hong, S.H.; Ngo, H.P.; Ho, T.H.; Ahn, Y.J.; Oh, D.K.; Kang, L.W.
Crystal structures of an atypical aldehyde dehydrogenase having bidirectional oxidizing and reducing activities
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Bacillus cereus (A0A150BLG9), Bacillus cereus
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Buchman, C.D.; Hurley, T.D.
Inhibition of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 1/2 family by psoralen and coumarin derivatives
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Homo sapiens (P30838)
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Wang, B.; Chen, X.; Wang, Z.; Xiong, W.; Xu, T.; Zhao, X.; Cao, Y.; Guo, Y.; Li, L.; Chen, S.; Huang, S.; Wang, X.; Fang, M.; Shen, Z.
Aldehyde dehydrogenase 1A1 increases NADH levels and promotes tumor growth via glutathione/dihydrolipoic acid-dependent NAD+ reduction
Oncotarget
8
67043-67055
2017
Homo sapiens (P30838)
brenda