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adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
antheraxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
(3S,3'S,5'R,6'S)-5',6'-epoxy-3,3'-dihydroxy-beta,beta-caroten-4-one + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene + acceptor + O2
canthaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
enzymes CrtW38 and CrtW148
via echinenone as intermediate
-
?
beta-carotene + NADPH + O2
echinenone + NADP+ + H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
zeaxanthin + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
astaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
adonixanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + acceptor + O2
astaxanthin + reduced acceptor
-
enzyme CrtW148
via adonixanthin as intermediate
-
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
additional information
?
-
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
efficient conversion by CrtW of Brevundimonas sp. SD212 from adonixanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + O2
echinenone + H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
-
-
-
?
zeaxanthin + O2
adonixanthin + H2O
-
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme catalyzes the conversion of beta-carotene to echinenone
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
the enzyme shows low (about 1%) conversion rate from zeaxanthin to astaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
-
poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
-
-
-
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
CrtO-type ketolase is unable to synthesize astaxanthin from zeaxanthin
-
-
?
additional information
?
-
the enzyme introduces an oxo group on only one of the two beta-ionone rings of beta-carotene to generate echinenone. No production of the the dioxo carotenoid canthaxanthin
-
-
?
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adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
echinenone + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
echinenone + 2 O2 + 2 reduced acceptor
canthaxanthin + 3 H2O + 2 acceptor
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
additional information
?
-
-
poor efficiency of beta-carotene ketolation and hydroxylation, as well as the adverse effect of astaxanthin accumulation on cell growth, in vivo. Canthxanthin is produced by beta-carotene ketolase, ObktM, from beta-carotene, canthaxanthin is then further metabolized by a beta-carotene hydroxylase, CrtZ, in the engineered yeast strain expressing both enzymes from Haematococcus pluvialis and Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, respectively
-
-
-
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
adonixanthin + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
astaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthetic pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin. The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
beta-carotene + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
echinenone + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in astaxanthin biosynthesis
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
the enzyme is involved in the astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
the enzyme is involved in the conversion of beta-carotene into astaxanthin The enzyme from the yeast Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous is bifunctional and also catalyses the activity of beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
-
-
-
?
echinenone + 2 reduced acceptor + 2 O2
canthaxanthin + 2 acceptor + 3 H2O
beta-carotene ketolase plays an important role in astaxanthin production
-
-
?
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F298Y
improvement in canthaxanthin production
H165R
improvement in canthaxanthin production
H165R/F298Y
improvement in canthaxanthin production
H165R/V264D
improvement in canthaxanthin production
H165R/V264D/F298Y
mutant enzyme with 2.4fold improved activity
H165R/V264D/F298Y/M1T/N188D/L271R
-
site-directed mutagenesis, mutant OBKTM29 shows the best performance among all OBKTM mutants obtained by directed coevolution
V264D
improvement in canthaxanthin production
V264D/F298Y
improvement in canthaxanthin production
D117A
expression of a mutant carrying D117A results in the accumulation of echinenone as the predominant carotenoid. Partial inactivation of the CrtW ketolase leads to the production of the monoketolated intermediate
F118A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
F176A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
H103A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H106A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H107A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H218A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
H221A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H222A
strains expressing the mutation do not produce ketolated products
H65A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
H69A
mutant retains partial activity
L232A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
P116A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
W126A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
W229A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
Y134A
Escherichia coli cells expressing the partially active mutant enzyme accumulate adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate and produce less than 30% astaxanthin. When the mutant enzyme is expressed in the host harboring the beta-carotene biosynthetic cluster, the final product, canthaxanthin, is the predominant pigment
A205V
mutation improves astaxanthin production
A208V
mutation improves astaxanthin production
A215T
mutation improves astaxanthin production
H96L
mutation improves astaxanthin production
R203W
mutation improves astaxanthin production
H219A
partially active mutant accumulates adonixanthin as the dominant intermediate, producing very little astaxanthin. A significant amount of echinenone is also observed when it is expressed in the host harboring only the beta-carotene biosynthetic gene cluster. Both adonixanthin and echinenone are monoketolated carotenoid products
H219A
the enzyme is partially active in cells containing the zeaxanthin gene cluster. In cells expressing the beta-carotene gene cluster, the activity is similar to that of the wild type based on the amount of canthaxanthin produced. H219 may not play a significant role in iron coordination, but it can have an impact on substrate utilization
L175M
mutant enzyme with improved activity
L175M
up to 78% of the total carotenoid is in the form of astaxanthin and the level of the adonixanthin intermediate is lowered to 5%
M99I
increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation
M99I
mutant enzyme with improved activity
M99V
increase in astaxanthin production and a reduction in adonixanthin accumulation
M99V
mutant enzyme with improved activity
F213L
mutant enzyme shows high improvement for astaxanthin production and decreased activity for canthaxanthin production
F213L
mutation improves astaxanthin production
R203W/F213L
mutant enzyme shows high improvement for astaxanthin production and decreased activity for canthaxanthin production
R203W/F213L
mutation improves astaxanthin production
additional information
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Agrobacteria that contain vector pBI121-CMTPCRBKT with gene CrBKT and the control vector pBI121 are individually injected into the pumpkin fruits at 2, 5, 10, 15, and 25 days after pollination, respectively, the fruit pulp is light reddish in 2-day and 5-day fruits with darker color in pulp of 5-day fruit while there is no red pigment accumulated in more than 10-day fruits. The accumulated red pigments are canthaxanthin and astaxanthin. CrBKT is expressed in the transformed tissue. The CrBKT gene can be only expressed in less than 5-day fruit and it can convert carotenoid in young pumpkin into ketocarotenoid. But the expression of exogenous gene is integrated into the flesh tissue of ripening fruits
additional information
recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm, under the control of endosperm-specific promoters. The resulting grains predominantly accumulate the diketocarotenoids canthaxanthin, adonirubin and astaxanthin as well as low levels of monoketocarotenoids. The predominance of canthaxanthin and adonirubin indicates the presence of a hydroxylation bottleneck in the ketocarotenoid pathway. Synthetic beta-carotene ketolase gene is sufficient to produce ketocarotenoids in both the callus and endosperm when there is strong flux through the early part of the pathway, but the heterologous beta-carotene ketolase overwhelms the endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase activity and skews the metabolic profiles strongly in favor in ketolation thus promoting the accumulation of canthaxanthin and adonirubin rather than astaxanthin. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis is used to compare the expression levels of the relative endogenous beta-carotene hydroxylase gene (OsBCH) in the endosperm of all four lines. Carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in plants, overview
additional information
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construction of an efficient astaxanthin-producing Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BY4741 by combining protein engineering and dynamic metabolic regulation. First, superior mutants of beta-carotene ketolase and beta-carotene hydroxylase are obtained by directed coevolution to accelerate the conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin. Subsequently, the Gal4M9-based temperature-responsive regulation system is introduced to separate astaxanthin production from cell growth. Finally, 235 mg/l of (3S,3'S)-astaxanthin is produced by two-stage, high-density fermentation. Color-based high-throughput screening for directed coevolution of beta-carotene ketolase and beta-carotene hydroxylase
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agrobacterium-mediated transformation of Haematococcus lacustris
astaxanthin biosynthesis pathway is constructed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by introducing heterologous CrtZ and CrtW into an existing high beta-carotene producing strain. Both genes crtZ and crtW are codon optimized and expressed under the control of constitutive promoters. Strain SyBE_Sc118060 with CrtW from Brevundimonas vesicularis DC263 and CrtZ from Alcaligenes sp. strain PC-1 achieves the highest astaxanthin yield of 3.1 mg/g dry cell weight
astaxanthin yield in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is enhanced by combinational metabolic engineering and protein engineering targeting at the insufficient precursor supply and the weak downstream pathway capacity. Through introducing the positive GGPP synthase mutant CrtE03M together with overexpression of tHMG1, CrtI and CrtYB (from the cDNA of Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous), the supply of the precursor beta-carotene is increased. Efficient conversion of beta-carotene to astaxanthin is achieved through increasing beta-carotene ketolase activity via directed evolution
expressed in Escherichia coli
expression in an Escherichia coli strain able to accumulate beta-carotene
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24
expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24. Combined overexpression of
expression in Eschreichia coli
expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
expression of DR0093 in the Escherichia coli strain that accumulates beta-carotene results in a carotenoid mixture containing 32% canthaxanthin and 27% echinenone
expression of the beta-carotene ketolase gene in an Escherichia coli strain which accumulates beta-carotene results in the production of canthaxanthin
expression of the crtW and crtZ from DC263 in a beta-carotene-accumulating Escherichia coli produces astaxanthin as the predominant carotenoid
gene CrBKT, functional recombinant expression of beta-carotene ketolase from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in pumpkin via transformation by Agrobacterium sp.
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gene ObktM, recombinant expression of wild-type and mutant enzymes in Saccharomaces cerevisiae strain BY4741, coexpression with gene OcrtZ encoding a beta-carotene 3-hydroxylase
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overexpression in Arabidopsis thaliana using a double CaMV35S-bkt1 ketolase construct, individual co-expression with different Arabidopsis thaliana beta-carotene hydroxylases, i.e. AtB, CYP97A3, CYP97B3, and CYP97C1, under the control of a double CaMV35S promoter. Hydroxylase overexpression in combination with beta-carotene ketolase does not result in keto-carotenoid accumulation, but in unexpected patterns of alpha-carotene derivatives, accompanied by a reduction of alpha-carotene, instead, overview
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recombinant coexpression of Zea mays phytoene synthase 1 (ZmPSY1), Pantoea ananatis phytoene desaturase (PaCRTI), and a synthetic Chlamydomonas reinhardtii beta-carotene ketolase (sCrBKT) in transgenic rice plants, in grain endosperm of Oryza sativa cv. EYI-105
Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells expressing CrtI, CrtYB, and CrtS from Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous accumulate beta-carotene but not astaxanthin. Coexpression of CrtR with CrtS results in astaxanthin production in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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the genes coding for CrtW and CrtZ from Brevundimonas sp. SD21211 are introduced into Nicotiana tabacum by transplastomic engineering (plastid-transformation engineering) and expressed successfully
transgenic rice endosperm expressing phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase and beta-carotene ketolase accumulates large amounts of canthaxanthin and adonirubin, plus additional ketocarotenoids in smaller amounts, such as astaxanthin
expressed in Escherichia coli
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expressed in Escherichia coli
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expressed in Escherichia coli
expressed in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
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expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli synthesizing zeaxanthin due to the presence of plasmid pACCAR25DELTAcrtX
expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24
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expression in Escherichia coli, plasmid pBAD24
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J. Biol. Chem.
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9728-9733
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Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (Q55808)
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Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
-
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Haematococcus lacustris
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