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EC Tree
IUBMB Comments In the reverse reaction, acts also on D-galactose 6-phosphate and, more slowly, on D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
The enzyme appears in viruses and cellular organisms
Synonyms
aldose-6-phosphate reductase, a6prase, ald6prase, nadph-dependent aldose 6-phosphate reductase,
more
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alditol 6-phosphate:NADP 1-oxidoreductase
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aldose-6-P reductase
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aldose-6-phosphate reductase
aldose-6-phosphate reductase [NADPH]
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NADPH-dependent aldose 6-phosphate reductase
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reductase, aldose 6-phosphate
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sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
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A6PR
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aldose-6-phosphate reductase
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aldose-6-phosphate reductase
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aldose-6-phosphate reductase
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aldose-6-phosphate reductase
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S6PDH
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D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+ = D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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D-aldose-6-phosphate:NADP+ 1-oxidoreductase
In the reverse reaction, acts also on D-galactose 6-phosphate and, more slowly, on D-mannose 6-phosphate and 2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate.
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2-deoxy-D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH
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reduced at low rate
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?
D-galactose 6-phosphate + NADPH
?
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reduced at a higher rate than D-glucose 6-phosphate
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r
D-glucitol-6-phosphate
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-glucitol-6-phosphate + NADP+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-mannose 6-phosphate + NADPH
?
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reduced at low rate
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D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
additional information
?
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D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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?
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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?
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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?
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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?
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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additional information
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not: D-glucose 1-phosphate, D-fructose 6-phosphate, D-ribose 5-phosphate, D-glucose, sorbitol
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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?
additional information
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when sorbitol synthesis is decreased by antisense inhibition of A6PR expression, cytosolic FBPase activity in vivo is down-regulated to reduce the carbon flux to cytosol and starch synthesis in the chloroplast is consequently upregulated
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additional information
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effects of mild and severe water stress on the sorbitol metabolism in leaves, A6PR activity is increased in response to water stress, while sorbitol accumulates under mild to moderate stress but is decreased under severe stress in leaves, overview
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additional information
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both, the N- and the C-term tagged enzymes exhibit similar affinity toward substrates
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additional information
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both, the N- and the C-term tagged enzymes exhibit similar affinity toward substrates
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additional information
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no activity against mannose 6-phosphate
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?
additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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?
additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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?
additional information
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effects of fruit removal on the carbon metabolism in leaves, the enzyme activity ins increased after fruit removal, although starch and sorbitol accumulate in the leaves, overview
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additional information
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almost no activity with mannose 6-phosphate or ribose 5-phosphate, no activity with NADH and NAD+
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additional information
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almost no activity with mannose 6-phosphate or ribose 5-phosphate, no activity with NADH and NAD+
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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?
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D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
additional information
?
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D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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?
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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r
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
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?
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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r
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate + NADP+
D-glucose 6-phosphate + NADPH + H+
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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additional information
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when sorbitol synthesis is decreased by antisense inhibition of A6PR expression, cytosolic FBPase activity in vivo is down-regulated to reduce the carbon flux to cytosol and starch synthesis in the chloroplast is consequently upregulated
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additional information
?
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effects of mild and severe water stress on the sorbitol metabolism in leaves, A6PR activity is increased in response to water stress, while sorbitol accumulates under mild to moderate stress but is decreased under severe stress in leaves, overview
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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additional information
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effects of fruit removal on the carbon metabolism in leaves, the enzyme activity ins increased after fruit removal, although starch and sorbitol accumulate in the leaves, overview
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additional information
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important role in sorbitol synthesis
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additional information
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no activity with NAD+ or NADH
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NADP+
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NADPH
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CaCl2
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2.5 mM, in presence of 5 mM substrate, 40% increase in activity
MgCl2
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2.5 mM, in presence of 5 mM substrate, 52% increase in activity
additional information
no significant effects are observed when the activity of the enzyme is assayed in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+
additional information
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no significant effects are observed when the activity of the enzyme is assayed in the presence of 5 mM Mg2+ or Ca2+
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AgNO3
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complete inhibition at 0.1 mM
CaCl2
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2.5 mM, in presence of 50 mM substrate, 12% decrease in activity
cysteine
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47% inhibition of oxidation and 11% inhibition of reduction at 10 mM
D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
about 40% inhibition at 20 mM
D-fructose 6-phosphate
about 40% inhibition at 20 mM
D-galactose 1-phosphate
about 40% inhibition at 20 mM
D-glucose 1-phosphate
about 55% inhibition at 20 mM
D-ribose 5-phosphate
about 40% inhibition at 20 mM
Diamide
enzymatic activity decreases to approximately 7% at 500 mM diamide
H2O2
H2O2 oxidation causes enzyme inactivation in a time- and concentration-dependent manner
iodoacetate
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42% inhibition of oxidation and 19% inhibition of reduction at 10 mM
mannose 1-phosphate
about 40% inhibition at 20 mM
mannose 6-phosphate
about 30% inhibition at 20 mM
MgCl2
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2.5 mM, in presence of 50 mM substrate, 12% decrease in activity
Na2EDTA
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35% inhibition of oxidation and 11% inhibition of reduction at 10 mM
NaCl
200 mM cause about 65% inhibition of the enzyme activity
p-chloromercuribenzoate
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complete inhibition at 1.0 mM
ZnCl2
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2 mM, 58% inhibition, partially reversible by EDTA
ZnSO4
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complete inhibition of oxidation and 80% inhibition of reduction at 1.25 mM
phosphate
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mixed-type inhibition
phosphate
competitive inhibitor
additional information
no significant differences in activity when ATP, ADP, AMP, ADP-glucose, UTP, UDP-glucose, inorganic phosphate or diphosphate (5 mM each), 10% (v/v) glycerol, 500 mM glucitol or 20% (w/v) sucrose are added to the enzyme assay mixture
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additional information
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no significant differences in activity when ATP, ADP, AMP, ADP-glucose, UTP, UDP-glucose, inorganic phosphate or diphosphate (5 mM each), 10% (v/v) glycerol, 500 mM glucitol or 20% (w/v) sucrose are added to the enzyme assay mixture
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additional information
no inhibition by D-trehalose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, D-xylitol, D-glucose and D-fructose. Not affected by 5 mM GSSG
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additional information
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no inhibition by D-trehalose 6-phosphate, D-fructose 2,6-bisphosphate, D-xylitol, D-glucose and D-fructose. Not affected by 5 mM GSSG
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additional information
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not affected by sorbinil
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additional information
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enzyme activity is rapidly induced by water stress
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0.2 - 15.9
D-glucose 6-phosphate
5.1 - 9.8
D-Glucose-6-phosphate
3.9 - 7.21
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate
1.7 - 3
D-sorbitol-6-phosphate
0.059
NADP+
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
0.031
NADPH
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
0.2
D-glucose 6-phosphate
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3.5
D-glucose 6-phosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
11
D-glucose 6-phosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
15.9
D-glucose 6-phosphate
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at pH 8.0 and 25°C
5.1
D-Glucose-6-phosphate
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pH 9.0, presence of 2.5 mM MgCl2
9.8
D-Glucose-6-phosphate
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pH 9.0
3.9
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate
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7.21
D-sorbitol 6-phosphate
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at pH 8.0 and 25°C
1.7
D-sorbitol-6-phosphate
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pH 9.0
3
D-sorbitol-6-phosphate
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pH 9.0
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0.0011 - 0.222
D-glucitol-6-phosphate
0.009 - 0.7
D-glucose 6-phosphate
0.0011
D-glucitol-6-phosphate
C-term tagged enzyme
0.222
D-glucitol-6-phosphate
N-term tagged enzyme
0.009
D-glucose 6-phosphate
C-term tagged enzyme
0.7
D-glucose 6-phosphate
N-term tagged enzyme
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26
D-fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
55.4
D-fructose 6-phosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
9.07
D-glucose 1-phosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
0.42
phosphate
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pH 9.0
29.6
phosphate
at pH 8.0 and 25°C
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0.017
C-term tagged enzyme, purified enzyme
0.136
N-term tagged enzyme, crude extract
0.477
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with D-sorbitol 6-phosphate as substrate, at pH 8.0 and 25°C
0.603
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with D-glucose 6-phosphate as substrate, at pH 8.0 and 25°C
1.25
N-term tagged enzyme, 9.2fold purified
additional information
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measurement during development
additional information
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measurement during development
additional information
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distribution in Rosaceae species
additional information
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distribution in Rosaceae species
additional information
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distribution in Rosaceae species
additional information
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distribution in Rosaceae species
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6 - 10
N- and the C-term tagged enzymes. Both recombinant enzymes similarly show optimal activity in a broad pH range in the direction of D-glucose 6-phosphate reduction, and a narrow range (pH 9.0-10.0) in the opposite oxidative direction
8.5 - 10.1
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about 50% of activity maximum at pH 8.5 and 10.1
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30 - 35
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D-sorbitol 6-phosphate oxidation
35
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D-glucose 6-phosphate reduction
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additional information
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no activity at 50°C
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7.9
calculated from amino acid sequence
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brenda
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brenda
apricot, cv. Perfection
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brenda
pear, cv. Conference, cv. Bartlett
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brenda
cultivar Mogi
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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UniProt
brenda
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brenda
apple, cv. Starkrimson
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brenda
Borkh. cv. Gala
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brenda
cv. Antonovka
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brenda
cv. Golden Delicious
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brenda
Greensleeves
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brenda
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brenda
cultivar Flordakin
UniProt
brenda
peach, cv. Redhaven
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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photosynthetically active tissue
brenda
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fully developed
brenda
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photosynthetically active tissue
brenda
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brenda
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photosynthetically active tissue
brenda
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from a 1-year-old shoot, and from limbs carrying fruits or with fruits removed, the leaves of the latter show increased enzyme activity
brenda
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photosynthetically active tissue
brenda
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brenda
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brenda
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brenda
level of soluble recombinant enzyme is much higher in the N-term tagged protein than in the C-term tagged one. In the C-term tagged one the majority of the protein is in the insoluble form
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brenda
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metabolism
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the enzyme regulates sorbitol synthesis
physiological function
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sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase is a key enzyme for sorbitol synthesis and plays an important role in the alleviation of salinity stress in plants
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S6PD_MALDO
310
0
34905
Swiss-Prot
other Location (Reliability: 4 )
A0A075BFW6_PYRPY
310
0
34906
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 3 )
B9RG54_RICCO
309
0
34863
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4 )
A5JUQ9_PRUPE
310
0
34821
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 4 )
B5YLL9_THAPS
344
0
38050
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2 )
K0J296_9ROSA
135
0
15257
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2 )
Q8W175_9ROSA
252
0
28231
TrEMBL
other Location (Reliability: 2 )
A0A7D5KIR5_ORYSI
326
0
36161
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 2 )
A0A0B2PN36_GLYSO
128
1
14171
TrEMBL
Mitochondrion (Reliability: 4 )
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33000
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2 * 33000, SDS-PAGE
34900
sequence analysis, A6PRase
39000
gel filtration, C-term tagged enzyme
39000
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x * 39000, SDS-PAGE
68000
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gel filtration
68000
gel filtration, N-term tagged enzyme
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monomer
gel filtration, C-term tagged enzyme
?
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x * 35000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
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2 * 33000, SDS-PAGE
dimer
gel filtration, N-term tagged enzyme
homodimer
2 * 35000, SDS-PAGE
homodimer
2 * 34800, calculated from amino acid sequence
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enzyme thiolation with oxidized glutathione protects the enzyme from insolubilization caused by diamide, while incubation with NADP+ completely prevents enzyme precipitation
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NADP+ protects the enzyme from oxidative insolubilization
762130
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-80°C, 25 mM Tris-HCl buffer, pH 8.0, 300 mM NaCl, 1 mM beta-mercaptoethanol, 10% (v/v) glycerol, 1 mM EDTA, 0.5 mM DTT, 6 months
1°C, 1 week, partially purified enzyme
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HisTrap column chromatography
Ni-NTA column chromatography
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one-step protein purification by immobilized metal affinity chromatography, N-term tagged protein 95% pure, C-term tagged one 75% pure
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amplified gene cloned into the pGEM-T Easy vector, heterologous expression with a His-tag alternatively placed in the N- or C-terminus in Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3) cells
expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells
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expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 Star (DE3) cells
Greensleeves apple is transformed with a cDNA encoding aldose 6-phosphate reductase in the antisense orientation. Antisense expression of A6PR decreases A6PR activity in mature leaves to approximately 15-30% of the untransformed control. The antisense plants have lower concentrations of sorbitol but higher concentrations of sucrose and starch in mature leaves at both dusk and predawn
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At 400 mM sucrose and 400 mM fructose, transcription increases by approximately 4fold. Palatinose increases the enzyme transcription much more drastically than sucrose. Mannose and 3-O-methylglucose also increase enzyme transcription
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enzyme expression is upregulated during drought and salt stress. Transcript in wild type tomato leaves increases significantly during drought and salt stress when compared with the well-watered control and is 2.2fold and 2.1fold that of the control, respectively
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enzyme transcription is decreased to 40% by 800 mM sorbitol
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isoform A6PR1 transcripts increase in roots in cold stress (4°C). Isoform A6PR2 responds positively in roots under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)
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isoform A6PR2 levels decrease in both roots and rosette leaves in cold stress (4°C). Isoform A6PR1 levels fall in leaves under salt stress (150 mM NaCl)
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the enzyme shows significantly increased activity and expression above the control levels after 2 days without watering, whereas enzyme activity decreases on the following day but returns to the control level 2 days after rewatering
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Loescher, W.H.; Marlow, G.C.; Kennedey, R.A.
Sorbitol metabolism and sink-source interconversions in developing apple leaves
Plant Physiol.
70
335-339
1982
Malus domestica
brenda
Negm, F.B.; Loescher, W.H.
Characterization and partial purification of aldose-6-phosphate reductase (alditol-6-phosphate:NADP 1-oxidoreductase) from apple leaves
Plant Physiol.
67
139-142
1981
Malus domestica, Pyrus communis, Prunus armeniaca, Prunus persica
brenda
Zhou, R.; Sicher, R.C.; Cheng, L.; Quebedeaux, B.
Regulation of apple leaf aldose-6-phosphate reductase activity by inorganic phosphate and divalent cations
Funct. Plant Biol.
30
1037-1043
2003
Malus domestica
brenda
Cheng, L.; Zhou, R.; Reidel, E.J.; Sharkey, T.D.; Dandekar, A.M.
Antisense inhibition of sorbitol synthesis leads to up-regulation of starch synthesis without altering CO2 assimilation in apple leaves
Planta
220
767-776
2005
Malus domestica
brenda
Li, T.H.; Li, S.H.
Enzymatic regulation of sorbitol metabolism in micropropagated apple plants in response to water stress
Eur. J. Hort. Sci.
72
12-19
2007
Malus domestica
-
brenda
Li, W.D.; Duan, W.; Fan, P.G.; Yan, S.T.; Li, S.H.
Photosynthesis in response to sink-source activity and in relation to end products and activities of metabolic enzymes in peach trees
Tree Physiol.
27
1307-1318
2007
Prunus persica
brenda
Figueroa, C.M.; Iglesias, A.A.
Aldose-6-phosphate reductase from apple leaves: Importance of the quaternary structure for enzyme activity
Biochimie
92
81-88
2010
Malus domestica (P28475), Malus domestica
brenda
Suzuki, Y.; Dandekar, A.M.
Sucrose induces expression of the sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase gene in source leaves of loquat
Physiol. Plant.
150
355-362
2014
Rhaphiolepis bibas
brenda
Yadav, R.; Prasad, R.
Identification and functional characterization of sorbitol-6-phosphate dehydrogenase protein from rice and structural elucidation by in silico approach
Planta
240
223-238
2014
Oryza sativa
brenda
Almaghamsi, A.; Nosarzewski, M.; Kanayama, Y.; Archbold, D.D.
Effects of abiotic stresses on sorbitol biosynthesis and metabolism in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum)
Funct. Plant Biol.
48
286-297
2021
Solanum lycopersicum
brenda
Rojas, B.; Wurman, J.; Zamudio, M.; Donoso, A.; Cabedo, P.; Daz, F.; Stange, C.; Handford, M.
AtA6PR1 and AtA6PR2 encode putative aldose 6-phosphate reductases that are cytosolically localized and respond differentially to cold and salt stress in Arabidopsis thaliana
J. Plant Biochem. Biotechnol.
28
114-119
2019
Arabidopsis thaliana
-
brenda
Hartman, M.; Figueroa, C.; Arias, D.; Iglesias, A.
Inhibition of recombinant aldose-6-phosphate reductase from peach leaves by hexose-phosphates, inorganic phosphate and oxidants
Plant Cell Physiol.
58
145-155
2017
Prunus persica (A5JUQ9), Prunus persica
brenda
Yang, J.; Zhang, J.; Li, C.; Zhang, Z.; Ma, F.; Li, M.
Response of sugar metabolism in apple leaves subjected to short-term drought stress
Plant Physiol. Biochem.
141
164-171
2019
Malus domestica
brenda
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